MODALS Will,would,shall,should,may,might,can,could,must,ought,need ,dare and used to are called Modal Auxiliaries or Modals. They express the mode or manner of the action denoted by the verb.They express such ideas as ability or capability,probability or possibility,permission,command,duty,obligation,propriety etc.To USES OF MODALS: Will is used: 1.. To express pure future with second and third person(you,he,she,it,they): You will die of hunger The chief Minster will lay the foundation stone. 2. To express willingness,intention,promise,determination with first person (I,we). I will write to you again. (promise) I will help you. (willingness/intention) I will fight to the finish. (determination) 3. To express a characteristic habit,assumption,invitation or request and insistence. A dog will usually obey his master.(characteristic habit) He will be there by now.(assumption) Will you come with me?(request) She will not listen to the doctor&
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PREPOSITION A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show its relation with something else in the sentence. Examples: a) I placed a book on the table. b) I am fond of milk. In the first sentences on shows the relationship between table and book. In the second sentence the word of shows the relation between the adjective fond and milk. These word are prepositions. The Noun or Pronoun used after a Preposition is called its object. It is always in the Accusative (objective).It is said to be governed by the preposition. A preposition has no fixed meaning of its own.It derives its meaning from the context it is used in. Kinds of Prepositions. (i) SIMPLE PREPOSITIONS : at,by,for,in,of,off,on,out,through,till,to,up,with. (ii) COMPOUND PREPOSITIONS : about,above,across,along,amidst,among,around,around,before,behind,below,beneath,beside,between,beyond,inside,outside,underneath,within,without. (iii) PHRASE OR GROUP PREP
VERB Verbs are the words that denote some action,work,activity,process,state,condition,status ,quality or possession.Verb is a word which says something about a Subject. Examples: The boys play football. Verbs are classified under three categories: Transitive and intransitive verb. Finite and non-finite verbs. Regular and irregular verbs. TRANSITIVE VERBS The main verbs which need an object to express their meaning completely are identified as transitive verbs.In other word , a verb which requires an Object after it to complete its sence is called a Transitive verb. Examples: a) The judge is hearing the case against an offender. b) A mischievous passenger pulled the emergency chain of the train. INTRANSITIVE VERBS The main verb which do not depend on any object ( direct/ indirect) to complete their meanings are termed as intransitive verbs.In other word, a verb which does not require an Object to complete its sense,but makes good sense by itself, is calle
CONJUNCTION Conjunction is a word which join together two words,clauses,phrases or sentences. KINDS OF CONJUNCTIONS Conjunction are of three kinds: 1.Coordinating conjunctions. 2.Subordinating conjunctions. 3.Correlative conjunctions. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS They join the same types of grammatical unites. Examples: noun with noun ,adjective with adjective,phrase with phrase and clause with clause.They are used to form compound sentences. (And,but,for,or,till,yet,so,otherwise,nor,neither,either,as well as,etc.) Examples:a) Many boys and girls witnessed the queer skylights. b) She is slow but steady. c) His condition became bad ,so he was taken to hospital. d) You should hire a taxi,otherwise you will not reach in time. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION They join a clause to another clause on which it depends for its meaning. (Though/although,since,after,till/until,as,because,before,if,while,when,whether,lest,
Adjectives Adjectives are those words that add something to the meaning of a noun to describe its quantity,quality,number,possession ,etc E.g; Ashok is an intelligent boy,She is poor but happy. ADJECTIVES OF QUALITY These adjectives tell us about the color,shape ,size,texture,condition,material,quality and nationality ,origin of noun.They answer the questions of 'What kind'? Examples: Baber was a brave king. It was a cloudy day. Joshi is an honest man. Calcutta is a big city. The rose is a beautiful flower The adjectives brave,cloudy,honest,big,beautiful tell us of what kind a person or a thing is. Such Adjectives are called Adjectives of Quality. 1.ADJECTIVES OF QUANTITY These adjectives indicate the amount of things or persons.They answer the question 'How much'? Examples; He had much money. There is a little food in the house. He wants some money. He did not eat any bread. He had enough bread. He had s
SENTENCES A Sentence is a group of word that make complete sense. Examples:1 Rama goes to school on foot daily.2 Gold is yellow. 3 Would you like to play football? There are four types of sentences: 1. Declarative Sentences. 2. Interrogative Sentences. 3. Imperative Sentences. 4. Exclamatory Sentences. Note- Every sentence begins with a Capital letter. A)DECLARATIVE SENTENCES The sentences that states or declares something is called a declarative sentence.A sentence can make a statement. Examples; The young man runs very fast. An honest man can succeed in life. The sun sets in the west. The earth is round. The theif was not caught. The boy made a noise. Socrates was no coward. Note- A Full Stop(.) is placed at the end of every Declarative or Imperative sentences. Delarative sentences are of two types as ; 1. Positive sentences e.g I have done my work. and 2. Negative sentences e.g Prakas will not play toda
PRONOUN A pronoun is a word that is used in place of a noun.Pronouns are used in repetition of nouns in our writing or speech. Examples: Ankur met Amkur's uncle on Ankur's way to school. Ankur met his uncle on his way to school. KINDS OF PRONOUNS: 1. Personal pronouns 2 .Possessive pronouns 3 .Reflexive pronouns 4 .Demonstrative pronouns 5 . Interrogative pronouns 6 .Indefinite pronouns 7 .Relative pronouns 1.PERSONAL PRONOUNS Personal pronouns refer to people ,animals,places or things. The words I,he,she,it ,you and they are called personal pronouns. Examples: a)My name is Arnav. I am ten year old. b)The girl has passed,she worked hard. c)Call the boys here.They are my pupils. d)The book was lost.It was mine. e)I have six flowers.They are all roses. Personal pronoun I ,he, she,we, they have the forms me,him,her,us,them for the Objective Case.Do not use I for me when the pronoun is connected by a Conjection(and,or) with some other wo